• ¹ Coleman WF, Elliott AR, Baum WL, Ferguson AH. Post-Graduate Medical School of Chicago. CHUCKMAN’S COLLECTION (CHICAGO POSTCARDS) VOLUME 04: POSTCARD - CHICAGO - POST-GRADUATE MEDICAL SCHOOL - 2400 DEARBORN - BUSINESS REPLY - 1901. Available at: http://chuckmancollectionvolume4.blogspot.com/2010/09/postcard-chicago-post-graduate-medical.html. Accessed July 15, 2012.
• ² Nahrwold D., Kernahan P. A Century of Surgeons and Surgery: The American College of Surgeons 1913-2012.

• ³ Martin, MD, FACS FH. The American College of Surgeons- The Past, the Present, and the Future. Available at: http://www.facs.org/archives/pdfs/martinpres1928.pdf. Accessed July 15, 2012.

• ⁴ Nahrwold D., Kernahan P. A Century of Surgeons and Surgery: The American College of Surgeons 1913-2012.
• ⁵ Martin, MD, FACS FH. The American College of Surgeons- The Past, the Present, and the Future. Available at: http://www.facs.org/archives/pdfs/martinpres1928.pdf. Accessed July 15, 2012.
• ⁶ Schwartz SI. Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics. American College of Surgeons: Periodicals. 2000. Available at: http://www.facs.org/jacs/lead_articles/jan00lead.html. Accessed July 15, 2012.

• ⁷ Schwartz SI. Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics. American College of Surgeons: Periodicals. 2000. Available at: http://www.facs.org/jacs/lead_articles/jan00lead.html. Accessed July 15, 2012.
• ⁸ Nahrwold D., Kernahan P. A Century of Surgeons and Surgery: The American College of Surgeons 1913-2012.
• ⁹ Nahrwold D., Kernahan P. A Century of Surgeons and Surgery: The American College of Surgeons 1913-2012.
• ¹⁰ Convocation Address. Martin, MD, FACS FH. The American College of Surgeons- The Past, the Present, and the Future. Available at: http://www.facs.org/archives/pdfs/martinpres1928. Accessed July 15, 2012.

• ¹¹ Convocation Address. Martin, MD, FACS FH. The American College of Surgeons- The Past, the Present, and the Future. Available at: http://www.facs.org/archives/pdfs/martinpres1928.pdf. Accessed July 15, 2012.
• ¹² Nahrwold D., Kernahan P. A Century of Surgeons and Surgery: The American College of Surgeons 1913-2012.

• ¹³ American College of Surgeons. Eighth Year Book: 1921. 1921. Available at: http://www.archive.org/stream/yearbook1921ameruoft/yearbook1921ameruoft_djvu.txt. Accessed July 17, 2012.
• ¹⁴ Roberts JS, Coale JG, Redman RR. A History of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 1987;258(7):936–940.
• ¹⁵ American College of Surgeons. Eighth Year Book: 1921. 1921. Available at: http://www.archive.org/stream/yearbook1921ameruoft/yearbook1921ameruoft_djvu.txt. Accessed July 17, 2012.
• ¹⁶ Convocation Address. Martin, MD, FACS FH. The American College of Surgeons- The Past, the Present, and the Future. Available at: http://www.facs.org/archives/pdfs/martinpres1928.pdf. Accessed July 15, 2012.
• ¹⁷ American Cancer Society. Our History. 2012. Available at: http://www.cancer.org/AboutUs/WhoWeAre/our-history. Accessed July 15, 2012.
• ¹⁸ Nahrwold D., Kernahan P. A Century of Surgeons and Surgery: The American College of Surgeons 1913-2012.
• ¹⁹ Breslow, MD, MPH L. A history of cancer control in the United States, with emphasis on the period 1946-1971, Book Two: A History of Programmatic Developments in Cancer Control. National Institutes of Health. Available at: http://archive.org/details/historyofcancerc02bres. Accessed July 17, 2012.
• ²⁰ McGinnis, Jr., MD, FACS LS. Common origins: The two ACSs-100 years of collaboration to improve the lives of cancer patients. Bulletin of the American College of Surgeons. 2012;97(4):6–15.
• ²¹ O’Shea MD FACS, JS. Louis T. Wright and Henry W. Cave: How they paved the way for Fellowships for black surgeons. Bulletin of the American College of Surgeons: 2005;90(10):22–29. Available at: http://www.facs.org/fellows_info/bulletin/2005/oshea1005.pdf.
• ²² Nahrwold D., Kernahan P. A Century of Surgeons and Surgery: The American College of Surgeons 1913-2012.

• ²³ Shrady GF, Stedman TL. Medical record. W. Wood. 1917. pp. 592-3.

• ²⁴ Roberts JS, Coale JG, Redman RR. A History of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 1987;258(7):936–940.
• ²⁵ Roberts JS, Coale JG, Redman RR. A History of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 1987;258(7):936–940.
• ²⁶ Roberts JS, Coale JG, Redman RR. A History of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 1987;258(7):936–940.

• ²⁷ Convocation Address. Martin, MD, FACS FH. The American College of Surgeons- The Past, the Present, and the Future. Available at: http://www.facs.org/archives/pdfs/martinpres1928.pdf. Accessed July 15, 2012.
• ²⁸ Nahrwold D., Kernahan P. A Century of Surgeons and Surgery: The American College of Surgeons 1913-2012.
• ²⁹ Nahrwold D., Kernahan P. A Century of Surgeons and Surgery: The American College of Surgeons 1913-2012.
• ³⁰ Nahrwold D., Kernahan P. A Century of Surgeons and Surgery: The American College of Surgeons 1913-2012.
• ³¹ American College of Surgeons: Division of Member Services. Sir Berkeley George Andrew Moynihan Lord Moynihan of Leeds (1865-1936). Available at: http://www.facs.org/archives/moynihanhighlight.html. Accessed July 15, 2012.
• ³² Convocation Address. Martin, MD, FACS FH. The American College of Surgeons- The Past, the Present, and the Future. Available at: http://www.facs.org/archives/pdfs/martinpres1928.pdf. Accessed July 15, 2012.

• ³³ American College of Surgeons: Cancer Programs. About the CoC. American College of Surgeons: Cancer Programs. 2012. Available at: http://www.facs.org/cancer/coc/cocar.html. Accessed July 17, 2012.
• ³⁴ Greenough RB. Carcinoma of the Breast At the Massachusetts General Hospital, 1918, 1919, 1920 (Third Series). Southern Medical Journal. 1925;18(3):187–192.
• ³⁵ Committee on Trauma. Committee on Trauma: Blue Book: a guide to ORGANIZATION OBJECTIVES ACTIVITIES 2007. 2007. Available at: http://www.facs.org/trauma/publications/bluebook2007.pdf. Accessed July 15, 2012. pp.5-6
• ³⁶ Committee on Trauma. Committee on Trauma: Blue Book: a guide to ORGANIZATION OBJECTIVES ACTIVITIES 2007. 2007. Available at: http://www.facs.org/trauma/publications/bluebook2007.pdf. Accessed July 15, 2012. pp.5-6

• ³⁷ American College of Surgeons: Division of Member Services. Warren H. Cole, MD, FACS (1899-1990). 2011. Available at: http://www.facs.org/archives/colehighlight.html. Accessed July 15, 2012.
• ³⁸ Hospital Stay. Hospital Stay » Surgery. Available at: http://hospitalstay.com/category/clinical/surgery/feed/. Accessed July 15, 2012.
• ³⁹ Evens RG. Roentgenologic Examination of the Gallbladder (Cholecystography): The Article That Launched a New Era of Radiology. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2009;301(1):100–101.

• ⁴⁰ Hospital Stay. Hospital Stay » Surgery. Available at: http://hospitalstay.com/category/clinical/surgery/feed/. Accessed July 15, 2012.
• ⁴¹ Joint Commission. 2012 Comprehensive Accreditation Manual for Hospitals (CAMH): The Official Handbook. Joint Commission Resources; 2011.
• ⁴² Nahrwold D., Kernahan P. A Century of Surgeons and Surgery: The American College of Surgeons 1913-2012.
• ⁴³ American College of Surgeons: Division of Member Services. The J.B. Murphy Auditorium. Available at: http://www.facs.org/archives/murphyhighlight.html. Accessed August 9, 2012.

• ⁴⁴ American Association of Neurological Surgeons and American Association of Neurosurgeons. Bylaws - American Association of Neurological Surgeons and Bylaws - American Association of Neurosurgeons. 2003. Available at: http://www.pedsneurosurgery.org/bylaws/aansbylawspdf.pdf. Accessed July 26, 2012.
• ⁴⁵ Bliss M. Harvey Cushing: A Life in Surgery. 1st ed. Oxford University Press, USA; 2005.
• ⁴⁶ Epstein RH. Inside Neurosurgery’s Rise. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/24/health/24brain.html. Published Aug. 23, 2010. Accessed August 9, 2012.
• ⁴⁷ Epstein RH. Inside Neurosurgery’s Rise. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/24/health/24brain.html. Published Aug. 23, 2010. Accessed August 9, 2012.
• ⁴⁸ Epstein RH. Inside Neurosurgery’s Rise. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/24/health/24brain.html. Published Aug. 23, 2010. Accessed August 9, 2012.
• ⁴⁹ Commission on Cancer. Cancer Program Standards 2012: Ensuring Patient-Centered Care. 2011. Available at: http://www.facs.org/cancer/coc/programstandards2012.html. Accessed July 26, 2012.
• ⁵⁰ Commission on Cancer. Cancer Program Standards 2012: Ensuring Patient-Centered Care. 2011. Available at: http://www.facs.org/cancer/coc/programstandards2012.html. Accessed July 26, 2012.
• ⁵¹ Breslow, MD, MPH L. A history of cancer control in the United States, with emphasis on the period 1946-1971. UCLA School of Public Health History of Cancer Control Project Available at: http://archive.org/details/historyofcancerc02bres. Accessed July 26, 2012.

• ⁵² Innovators and Pioneers: Edward Churchill. Current Biography, 1963. H.W. Wilson Company. Available at: http://www.pbs.org/wnet/redgold/printable/p_churchill.html. Accessed August 9, 2012.

• ⁵³ WebMD. Whipple Procedure. Available at: http://www.webmd.com/cancer/pancreatic-cancer/whipple-procedure. Accessed July 26, 2012.
• ⁵⁴ Dunn MD FACS GP. Restoring palliative care as a surgical tradition. Bulletin of the American College of Surgeons. 2004:23–29. Available at http://www.facs.org/fellows_info/bulletin/2004/dunn0404.pdf.

• ⁵⁵ News Medical. History of Blood Transfusion. Available at: http://www.news-medical.net/health/History-of-Blood-Transfusion.aspx. Accessed July 26, 2012.
• ⁵⁶ Nahrwold D., Kernahan P. A Century of Surgeons and Surgery: The American College of Surgeons 1913-2012
• ⁵⁷ American Board of Surgery. ABS Overview. Available at: http://www.absurgery.org/default.jsp?abouthome. Accessed July 26, 2012.
• ⁵⁸ American College of Surgeons. Statement on Surgical Residencies and the Educational Environment. Bulletin of the American College of Surgeons: 1994;79(1):89–93. Available at http://www.facs.org/fellows_info/statements/st-16.html.
• ⁵⁹ American College of Surgeons. Statement on Surgical Residencies and the Educational Environment. Bulletin of the American College of Surgeons: 1994;79(1):89–93. Available at http://www.facs.org/fellows_info/statements/st-16.html.
• ⁶⁰ Nahrwold D., Kernahan P. A Century of Surgeons and Surgery: The American College of Surgeons 1913-2012.

• ⁶¹ Blum A. Alton Ochsner, MD, 1896-1981 Anti-Smoking Pioneer. Ochsner J. 1999;1(3):102–105.
• ⁶² Ochsner A, DeBakey M. Primary pulmonary malignancy: Treatment by total pneumonectomy; analysis of 79 collected cases and presentation of 7 personal cases. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1939;68:435–451.
• ⁶³ Ochsner A, DeBakey M. Primary pulmonary malignancy: Treatment by total pneumonectomy; analysis of 79 collected cases and presentation of 7 personal cases. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1939;68:435–451.
• ⁶⁴ Ochsner. Alton Ochsner Award Relating Smoking and Disease. Available at: http://academics.ochsner.org/researchpro.aspx?id=50674. Accessed August 9, 2012.

• ⁶⁵ MacLean MD FACS LD. Wangensteen’s Surgical Forum: A legacy of research. Bulletin of the American College of Surgeons: 1993;78(12):8–16. Available at: http://www.facs.org/archives/pdfs/maclean1993.pdf.
• ⁶⁶ University of Minnesota Department of Surgery. Owen H. Wangensteen, M.D., Ph.D.: Biography. Available at: http://www.surg.umn.edu/Education/OWSS/wangensteen_bio/home.html. Accessed July 26, 2012.
• ⁶⁷ University of Minnesota Wangensteen Historical Library of Biology and Medicine. Owen H. Wangensteen, 1898-1981. Available at: http://hsl.lib.umn.edu/wangensteen/benefactor. Accessed July 26, 2012.
• ⁶⁸ MacLean MD FACS LD. Wangensteen’s Surgical Forum: A legacy of research. Bulletin of the American College of Surgeons: 1993;78(12):8–16. Available at: http://www.facs.org/archives/pdfs/maclean1993.pdf.
• ⁶⁹ Schmidt PJ. Technology transfer: the DeBakey roller pump. Transfusion. 47(6):953–954.
• ⁷⁰ Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center. About Dr. Michael E. DeBakey (1908-2008). Available at: http://www.methodisthealth.com/mdhvc.cfm?id=35825. Accessed July 26, 2012.

• ⁷¹ Schneidman DS. Breaking down barriers for minorities and cancer patients: A profile of LaSalle D. Leffall, Jr. Bulletin of the American College of Surgeons: 2011;96(3):18–24. Available at: http://www.facs.org/fellows_info/bulletin/2011/schneidman0311.pdf.
• ⁷² Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science. Dr. Charles Drew. Available at: http://www.cdrewu.edu/about-cdu/dr-charles-drew. Accessed July 26, 2012.
• ⁷³ American Red Cross. Dr. Charles Drew (1904-1950): Medical Pioneer. Available at: http://www.rochesterredcross.org/tabid/97/Default.aspx. Accessed September 24, 2012.

• ⁷⁴ Farrugia A. Albumin: History and Controversy. The Source. 2008:12–13. Available at: http://www.pptaglobal.org/UserFiles/File/Source%20magazine/Albumin_Winter%2008.pdf
• ⁷⁵ AABB. Highlights of Transfusion Medicine History. Available at: http://www.aabb.org/resources/bct/Pages/highlights.aspx. Accessed July 26, 2012.

• ⁷⁶ Nahrwold D., Kernahan P. A Century of Surgeons and Surgery: The American College of Surgeons 1913-2012.
• ⁷⁷ American College of Surgeons. Eleanor K. Grimm (1891-1973). Available at: http://www.facs.org/archives/grimmhighlight.html. Accessed July 26, 2012.
• ⁷⁸ Nahrwold D., Kernahan P. A Century of Surgeons and Surgery: The American College of Surgeons 1913-2012.
• ⁷⁹ Nahrwold D., Kernahan P. A Century of Surgeons and Surgery: The American College of Surgeons 1913-2012.

• ⁸⁰ Cannon JW, Fischer JE. Edward D. Churchill as a combat consultant: lessons for the senior visiting surgeons and today’s military medical corps. Ann. Surg. 2010;251(3):566–572.
• ⁸¹ King MD, LS. Surgeon to Soldiers: Diary and Records of the Surgical Consultant, Allied Force Headquarters, World War II. JAMA. 1972;220(4):595-595.

• ⁸² Cannon JW, Fischer JE. Edward D. Churchill as a combat consultant: lessons for the senior visiting surgeons and today’s military medical corps. Ann. Surg. 2010;251(3):566–572.
• ⁸³ Alan Mason Cheney Medical Archives. Alfred Blalock, MD - Surgeon 1899-1964. Available at: http://www.medicalarchives.jhmi.edu/blbio.htm. Accessed July 26, 2012.
• ⁸⁴ Alan Mason Cheney Medical Archives. Vivien T. Thomas - Supervisor of Surgical Research Laboratories 1910-1985. Available at: http://www.medicalarchives.jhmi.edu/vthomas.htm. Accessed July 26, 2012.
• ⁸⁵ Thomas VT. Partners of the Heart: Vivien Thomas and His Work with Alfred Blalock: An Autobiography. University of Pennsylvania Press; 1998.
• ⁸⁶PBS. American Experience | Partners of the Heart. Available at: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/partners/. Accessed July 26, 2012.
• ⁸⁷ Sargent J. Something the Lord Made.; 2004.

• ⁸⁸ National Library of Medicine. Changing the Face of Medicine | Dr. Helen Octavia Dickens. Available at: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine/physicians/biography_82.html. Accessed July 26, 2012.
• ⁸⁹ National Library of Medicine. Changing the Face of Medicine | Dr. Helen Octavia Dickens. Available at: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine/physicians/biography_82.html. Accessed July 26, 2012.

• ⁹⁰ DeWall RA. The origins of open heart surgery at the University of Minnesota 1951 to 1956. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2011;142(2):267.
• ⁹¹ Bolman RM. Lillehei Heart Institute Lifetime Achievement Awards. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;79(6):S2257–2259.
• ⁹² Fong Y, Early K, Deane SA, et al. American College of Surgeons International Scholarship Programs: 40-Year History of Support for International Surgical Education. Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2010;211(2):279–284.e8
• ⁹³ Nahrwold D., Kernahan P. A Century of Surgeons and Surgery: The American College of Surgeons 1913-2012.
• ⁹⁴ Nahrwold D., Kernahan P. A Century of Surgeons and Surgery: The American College of Surgeons 1913-2012.
• ⁹⁵ Nahrwold D., Kernahan P. A Century of Surgeons and Surgery: The American College of Surgeons 1913-2012.
• ⁹⁶ Nahrwold D., Kernahan P. A Century of Surgeons and Surgery: The American College of Surgeons 1913-2012.
• ⁹⁷ The Joint Commission. The Joint Commission History. Available at: http://www.jointcommission.org/assets/1/6/Joint_Commission_History_2012.pdf. Accessed July 26, 2012.
• ⁹⁸ Nahrwold D., Kernahan P. A Century of Surgeons and Surgery: The American College of Surgeons 1913-2012.
• ⁹⁹ Nahrwold D., Kernahan P. A Century of Surgeons and Surgery: The American College of Surgeons 1913-2012.

• ¹⁰⁰ Shumacker Jr. HB. John Heysham Gibbon, Jr.: September 29, 1903 - February 5, 1973. In: Biographical Memoirs.Vol 53. National Academies Press; 1982:213–232.
• ¹⁰¹ Hill JD. John H. Gibbon, Jr. Part I. The development of the first successful heart-lung machine. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1982;34(3):337–341.
• ¹⁰² Pastuszko P, Edie RN. John H. Gibbon, Jr., the inventor of the first successful heart-lung machine. J Card Surg. 2004;19(1):65–73.

• ¹⁰³ NPR. Richard and Ronald Herrick: First Identical-Twin Kidney Transplant. Available at: http://www.npr.org/programs/morning/features/2004/dec/transplant/chapter9.pdf. Accessed August 9, 2012.
• ¹⁰⁴ NPR. Transplant Pioneers Recall Medical Milestone. 2004. Available at: http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4233669. Accessed July 26, 2012.
• ¹⁰⁵ Schatzki S. The First Kidney Transplantation. Medicine in American Art. Available at: http://www.joelmbabb.com/transpant1.htm. Accessed July 26, 2012.
• ¹⁰⁶ Eastcott HHG, Pickering GW, Rob CG. Reconstruction of internal carotid artery in a patient with intermittent attacks of hemiplegia. Lancet. 1954;2:994-996.
• ¹⁰⁷ Connolly JE. The epic 1954 operation that led to one of surgery’s major advances: carotid endarterectomy. Grand Rounds. 2004;4:L15–L17.
• ¹⁰⁸ Naylor AR. A Surgeon’s View on Endarterectomy and Stenting in 2011: Lest We Forget, It’s All About Preventing Stroke. CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology. 2011;35(2):225–233.

• ¹⁰⁹ American College of Surgeons. George Berci, MD, FACS, Is Recipient of the 2011 Jacobson Innovation Award. 2011. Available at: http://www.facs.org/news/2011/jacobson11.html. Accessed July 26, 2012.
• ¹¹⁰ Cheryl C. George Berci, MD—Seeing a Better Way. HealthLeaders. 2011. Available at: http://www.healthleadersmedia.com/content/TEC-274150/HL20-George-Berci-MDmdashSeeing-a-Better-Way.html. Accessed July 26, 2012.
• ¹¹¹ American College of Surgeons. George Berci, MD, FACS, Is Recipient of the 2011 Jacobson Innovation Award. 2011. Available at: http://www.facs.org/news/2011/jacobson11.html. Accessed July 26, 2012.
• ¹¹² American Joint Committee on Cancer. What is the AJCC? 2010. Available at: http://www.cancerstaging.org/mission/whatisajcc.html. Accessed July 26, 2012.

• ¹¹³ American College of Surgeons: Division of Member Services. Loyal Davis, MD, FACS (1896-1982). 2011. Available at: http://www.facs.org/archives/loyaldavishighlight.html. Accessed August 8, 2012.
• ¹¹⁴ Nahrwold D., Kernahan P. A Century of Surgeons and Surgery: The American College of Surgeons 1913-2012.

• ¹¹⁵ Drake CG. Bleeding aneurysms of the basilar artery. Direct surgical management in four cases. 1961. Can J Neurol Sci. 1999;26(4):335–340.
• ¹¹⁶ Hachinski V. Charles G. Drake (1920-1998). Archives of Neurology. 1999;56(7):886.
• ¹¹⁷ Dumont AS, Oskouian Jr RJ, Chow MM, Kassell NF. Surgical management of unruptured basilar artery bifurcation aneurysms. Neurosurgical Focus. 2002;13(3):1–4.
• ¹¹⁸ Hachinski V. Charles G. Drake (1920-1998). Archives of Neurology. 1999;56(7):886.
• ¹¹⁹ American College of Surgeons: Division of Member Services. Past Presidents of the American College of Surgeons. 2012. Available at: http://www.facs.org/archives/presidentslist.html. Accessed August 8, 2012.
• ¹²⁰ The American Heritage® Medical Dictionary. S.v. "embolus." Available at http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/embolus. Accessed August 8, 2012.
• ¹²¹ Eureka Medical: The Inventor Network. Balloon Embolectomy Catheter. Available at: http://www.eurekamed.com/balloon-embolectomy-catheter.html. Accessed August 8, 2012.
• ¹²² American College of Surgeons. American College of Surgeons: Past Jacobson Innovation Award Recipients. Available at: http://www.facs.org/news/2012/jacobson-list0612.html. Accessed August 10, 2012.

• ¹²³ American College of Surgeons: Division of Member Services. Honorary Fellows of the American College of Surgeons. Available at: http://www.facs.org/archives/honoraryfellows.html. Accessed August 8, 2012.
• ¹²⁴ Gomez PF, Morcuende JA. A Historical and Economic Perspective on Sir John Charnley, Chas F. Thackray Limited, and the Early Arthroplasty Industry. Iowa Orthop J. 2005;25:30–37.

• ¹²⁵ Weisse AB. Cardiac Surgery. Tex Heart Inst J. 2011;38(5):486–490.
• ¹²⁶ Noon GP. “Evolution of Surgical Treatment of Coronary Artery Occlusive Disease.” JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 301, no. 9 (March 4, 2009): 970–971.

• ¹²⁷ Hoffman L. “Toys in the Hood” bring Chicago’s connection to iconic toys to Elmhurst museum. Chicago Parent. Available at: http://www.chicagoparent.com/magazines/web-only/2011-april/toys-in-the-hood-bring-chicago’s-connection-to-iconic-tours-to-elmhurst-museum. Accessed August 8, 2012.

• ¹²⁸ Gould J, Garren M, Starling J. Bariatric Surgery. WMJ-MADISON-. 2004;103(2):27–31.
• ¹²⁹ University of Iowa Medicine Alumni Society. Edward Mason, M.D. Available at: http://www.healthcare.uiowa.edu/alumni/interviews/mason_edward.html. Accessed August 8, 2012.
• ¹³⁰ University of Iowa Medicine Alumni Society. Edward Mason, M.D. Available at: http://www.healthcare.uiowa.edu/alumni/interviews/mason_edward.html. Accessed August 8, 2012.

• ¹³¹ American College of Surgeons. Past Jacobson Innovation Award Recipients. 2011. Available at: http://www.facs.org/news/2011/jacobsonlist11.html. Accessed August 8, 2012.

• ¹³² Sanchez JA DJ. Stanley J. Dudrick, MD: A Paradigm Shift. Archives of Surgery. 2010;145(6):512–514.
• ¹³³ Specialty Review in Neonatology. Legends of Neonatology Gala and Awards Ceremony. Available at: http://www.specialtyreview.com/2013-legends-of-neonatology/2011-legends-of-neonatology/. Accessed August 10, 2012.
• ¹³⁴ American College of Surgeons. STANLEY J. DUDRICK, MD, FACS, IS RECIPIENT OF THE 2005 JACOBSON INNOVATION AWARD. 2005. Available at: http://www.facs.org/news/jacobson.html. Accessed August 8, 2012.

• ¹³⁵ Banner Health. 40 years ago, Surgicenter created new model of patient care. 2010. Available at: http://www.bannerhealth.com/About+Us/News+Center/Press+Releases/Press+Archive/2010/40+years+ago+Surgicenter+created+new+model+of+patient+care.htm. Accessed July 15, 2012.
• ¹³⁶ A paper on Surgicenters by Ford describes Ford as an anesthesiologist, not as a surgeon. Crouch BL, Ford JL, Reed WA. Operating Room. Hospital Topics. 1971;49(12):69–81.

• ¹³⁷ American College of Surgeons. Surgical Education and Self-assessment Program (Sesap 11). American College of Surgeons; 2001.
• ¹³⁸ American College of Surgeons: Division of Education. SESAP. Available at: http://www.facs.org/education/sesap/index.html. Accessed July 17, 2012.

• ¹³⁹ CPMC: Microsurgery San Francisco. Harry J. Buncke, M.D. Father of Microsurgery. Available at: http://www.cpmc.org/advanced/microsurg/buncke/biography.html. Accessed July 15, 2012.
• ¹⁴⁰ CPMC Microsurgery San Francisco. Toe to thumb transplant surgery for hand reconstruction. Available at: http://www.cpmc.org/advanced/microsurg/procedures/toe-to-thumb.html. Accessed July 15, 2012.
• ¹⁴¹ House Research Institute. William F. House, MD: Father of Neurotology. Available at: http://www.houseresearch.org/stories/articles/william_house.html. Accessed July 15, 2012.
• ¹⁴² D.D.S MD, William F. House. The Struggles of a Medical Innovator: Cochlear Implants and Other Ear Surgeries: A Memoir by William F. House, D.D.S., M.D. CreateSpace; 2011.
• ¹⁴³ Barishan Sky RM. Founding Fathers of EMS. EMSWorld.com. 2007. Available at: http://www.emsworld.com/article/10321743/founding-fathers-of-ems. Accessed July 15, 2012.

• ¹⁴⁴ Anon. The Greenfield Filter. Available at: http://greenfieldfilter.org/. Accessed July 15, 2012.
• ¹⁴⁵ Hirsh J, Bates SM. Clinical trials that have influenced the treatment of venous thromboembolism: a historical perspective. Annals of internal medicine. 2001;134(5):409–417.
• ¹⁴⁶ Burget DE, Henzel JH, Smith JL, Pories WJ. Inferior vena cava plication for prevention of pulmonary embolism: results in 24 cases. Ann Surg. 1967;165(3):437–441.

• ¹⁴⁷ Anon. Tommy John. Baseball-Reference.com. Available at: http://www.baseball-reference.com/players/j/johnto01.shtml. Accessed July 15, 2012.
• ¹⁴⁸ Jones C. PREP BASEBALL: Tommy John surgery is a pitcher’s best friend (05/08) | TheNewsEnterprise.com. 2012. Available at: http://www.thenewsenterprise.com/content/prep-baseball-tommy-john-surgery-pitchers-best-friend-0508. Accessed July 17, 2012.

• ¹⁴⁹ Collicott MD FACS PE. ATLS celebrates 25th anniversary. Bulletin of the American College of Surgeons. 2005;90(5):18–21.
• ¹⁵⁰ Collicott MD FACS PE. ATLS celebrates 25th anniversary. Bulletin of the American College of Surgeons. 2005;90(5):18–21.
• ¹⁵¹ ATLS. Anniversary Edition. The ATLS Advance. 2010;2(10). Available at: http://www.facs.org/trauma/atls/pdf/advance-oct10.pdf. Accessed August 8, 2012.
• ¹⁵² ATLS. Anniversary Edition. The ATLS Advance. 2010;2(10). Available at: http://www.facs.org/trauma/atls/pdf/advance-oct10.pdf
• ¹⁵³ ATLS. Anniversary Edition. The ATLS Advance. 2010;2(10). Available at: http://www.facs.org/trauma/atls/pdf/advance-oct10.pdf

• ¹⁵⁴ New York Times News Service. Fetal Surgery Methods Join Ranks Of Medicine Laced With Social Issues. Chicago Tribune. Available at: http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1986-10-07/news/8603150400_1_fetal-surgery-dr-michael-r-harrison-urinary-tract. Accessed August 8, 2012.
• ¹⁵⁵ Blakeslee S. Fetus Returned to Womb Following Surgery. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/07/science/fetus-returned-to-womb-following-surgery.html. Published October 7, 1986. Accessed August 8, 2012.
• ¹⁵⁶ Harrison MR, Golbus MS, Filly RA, et al. Fetal surgery for congenital hydronephrosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 1982;306(10):591–593.
• ¹⁵⁷ Bunim J. UCSF Surgeon Reflects on Performing World’s First Fetal Surgery 30 Years Ago. 2011. Available at: http://www.ucsf.edu/news/2011/02/9366/ucsf-surgeon-reflects-performing-worlds-first-fetal-surgery-30-years-ago. Accessed August 8, 2012.
• ¹⁵⁸ Bunim J. UCSF Surgeon Reflects on Performing World’s First Fetal Surgery 30 Years Ago. 2011. Available at: http://www.ucsf.edu/news/2011/02/9366/ucsf-surgeon-reflects-performing-worlds-first-fetal-surgery-30-years-ago. Accessed August 8, 2012.
• ¹⁵⁹ American College of Surgeons. American College of Surgeons: Past Jacobson Innovation Award Recipients. Available at: http://www.facs.org/news/2012/jacobson-list0612.html. Accessed August 10, 2012.
• ¹⁶⁰Altman LK. Artificial Skin for Burn Victims is Reported Developed in Boston. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1981/04/24/us/artificial-skin-for-burn-victims-is-reported-developed-in-boston.html. Published April 24, 1981. Accessed August 8, 2012.
• ¹⁶¹ Vitello P. Dr. John F. Burke, Dies at 89; Created Synthetic Skin. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/06/us/dr-john-f-burke-dies-at-89-created-synthetic-skin.html. Published November 5, 2011. Accessed August 8, 2012.
• ¹⁶² American College of Surgeons. American College of Surgeons: Past Jacobson Innovation Award Recipients. Available at: http://www.facs.org/news/2012/jacobson-list0612.html. Accessed August 10, 2012.

• ¹⁶³ Anon. At a California Hospital, the Surgeon with the Steadiest Hand Is a Robot Named Ole. People. 1985;23(18). Available at: http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20090611,00.html. Accessed August 9, 2012.
• ¹⁶⁴ Blakeslee S. A Robot Arm Assists in 3 Brain Operations. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/25/science/a-robot-arm-assists-in-3-brain-operations.html. Published June 25, 1985. Accessed August 8, 2012.

• ¹⁶⁵ MacKenzie EJ, Rivara FP, Jurkovich GJ, et al. A National Evaluation of the Effect of Trauma-Center Care on Mortality. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(4):366–378.

• ¹⁶⁶ Blum C, Adams D. Who did the first laparoscopic cholecystectomy? Journal of Minimal Access Surgery. 2011;7(3):165. Available at: http://www.journalofmas.com/article.asp?issn=0972-9941;year=2011;volume=7;issue=3;spage=165;epage=168;aulast=Blum
• ¹⁶⁷ Dubois F, Icard P, Berthelot G, Levard H. Coelioscopic cholecystectomy. Preliminary report of 36 cases. Ann Surg 1990;211:60-2.
• ¹⁶⁸ American College of Surgeons. Past Jacobson Innovation Award Recipients. Available at: http://www.facs.org/news/2012/jacobson-list0612.html. Accessed August 23, 2012.
• ¹⁶⁹ The Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). The George Berci Lifetime Achievement Award In Endoscopic Surgery. Available at: http://www.sages.org/about/awards/berci.php. Accessed August 23, 2012.

• ¹⁷⁰ Hoyt MD FACS DB. Looking “backward.” Bulletin of the American College of Surgeons. 2012;97(6):4–5.
• ¹⁷¹ American College of Surgeons: Division of Member Services. George W. Stephenson, MD, FACS, 1902-1998. 2012. Available at: http://www.facs.org/archives/stephensonhighlight.html. Accessed August 8, 2012.
• ¹⁷² American College of Surgeons: Cancer Programs. National Cancer Data Base. Available at: http://www.facs.org/cancer/ncdb/. Accessed August 8, 2012.

• ¹⁷³ Cedars-Sinai. Bruce Gewertz, MD. Available at: http://cedars-sinai.edu/Bios---Physician/A-G/Bruce-Gewertz-MD.aspx. Accessed August 9, 2012.
• ¹⁷⁴ Cedars-Sinai. Bruce Gewertz, MD. Available at: http://cedars-sinai.edu/Bios---Physician/A-G/Bruce-Gewertz-MD.aspx
• ¹⁷⁵ Imdb.com. The Fugitive. 2012. Available at: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0106977/.

• ¹⁷⁶ Chaudhuri P. An Indian doctor’s triumph. The Telegraph. http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050815/asp/knowhow/story_5105265.asp. Published August 15, 2005. Accessed August 9, 2012.
• ¹⁷⁷ Young SC. “ER” closes doors, leaves satisfying legacy. MSNBC.com. 2009. Available at: http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/29843242. Accessed August 9, 2012.
• ¹⁷⁸ Young SC. “ER” closes doors, leaves satisfying legacy. MSNBC.com. 2009. Available at: http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/29843242. Accessed August 9, 2012.

• ¹⁷⁹ The HistoryMakers. Dr. LaSalle D. Leffall, Jr. 2004. Available at: http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/dr-lasalle-d-leffall-jr-38. Accessed August 9, 2012.
• ¹⁸⁰ Howard University College of Medicine. LASALLE D. LEFFALL, JR., M.D., F.A.C.S. Available at: http://www.coas.howard.edu/music/huje/Leffall.htm. Accessed August 9, 2012.

• ¹⁸¹ American College of Surgeons. NSQIP History. Available at: http://site.acsnsqip.org/program-specifics/nsqip-history/.
• ¹⁸² Hall BL, Hamilton BH, Richards K, Bilimoria KY, Cohen ME, Ko CY. Does surgical quality improve in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program: an evaluation of all participating hospitals. Ann. Surg. 2009;250(3):363–376.

• ¹⁸³ American College of Surgeons: Division of Member Services. About Operation Giving Back. Available at: http://www.operationgivingback.facs.org/content2475.html. Accessed August 9, 2012.
• ¹⁸⁴ American College of Surgeons: Division of Member Services. Operation Giving Back: History. Available at: http://www.operationgivingback.facs.org/content52.html. Accessed August 9, 2012.
• ¹⁸⁵ American College of Surgeons: Division of Member Services. About Operation Giving Back. Available at: http://www.operationgivingback.facs.org/content2475.html. Accessed August 9, 2012.

• ¹⁸⁶ Children’s Hospital Los Angeles. Henri R. Ford Named Vice President and Chief of Surgery at Childrens Hospital Los Angeles; Vice Chair of the Department of Surgery at the Keck School of Medicine. Available at: http://www.chla.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=ipINKTOAJsG&b=3793521&ct=4908589. Accessed August 9, 2012.
• ¹⁸⁷ Children’s Hospital Los Angeles. Chief of Surgery at Childrens Hospital Los Angeles is Featured in NIH Exhibit on Women Physicians. Available at: http://www.chla.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=ipINKTOAJsG&b=3793521&ct=4908203. Accessed August 9, 2012.
• ¹⁸⁸ Russell MD FACS T. From my perspective. Bulletin of the American College of Surgeons. 2005;90(12):4–7.
• ¹⁸⁹ Anderson MD FACS FRCS KD. Who Will Hold My Hand? American College of Surgeons; 2009. Available at: http://www.facs.org/public_info/wwhym.html.

• ¹⁹⁰ Knudson MM, Mitchell III FL, Johannigman JA. First Trauma Verification Review Committee Outside the US: Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, Germany. Bulletin of the American College of Surgeons. 2007;92(12):16–19.
• ¹⁹¹ Hoyt MD FACS DB. 2011 Executive Director’s Annual Report. Bulletin of the American College of Surgeons. 2009;96(12):12–19.

• ¹⁹² American College of Surgeons: Division of Member Services. C. Rollins Hanlon, MD, FACS (1915-2011). 2011. Available at: http://www.facs.org/archives/hanlonhighlight.html. Accessed August 9, 2012.
• ¹⁹³ Nahrwold MD FACS DL. C. Rollins Hanlon, MD, FACS, remembered. Bulletin of the American College of Surgeons. 2011;96(9):47–52.
• ¹⁹⁴ Nahrwold MD FACS DL. C. Rollins Hanlon, MD, FACS, remembered. Bulletin of the American College of Surgeons. 2011;96(9):47–52.
• ¹⁹⁵ American College of Surgeons. About the American College of Surgeons’ New Capitol Hill Location 20 F Street NW, Washington, DC. 2010. Available at: http://www.facs.org/news/20fbldgfacts0610.html.
• ¹⁹⁶ American College of Surgeons. American College of Surgeons Celebrates Grand Opening of New Building in Washington, DC. 2010. Available at: http://www.facs.org/news/20fbldg0610.html.

• ¹⁹⁷ Hoyt MD FACS DB. Looking forward. Bulletin of the American College of Surgeons. 2011;96(2):4–5.

• ¹⁹⁸ Levinson D. More Nerve Transplants Urged for Severe Injury Patients. Surgery News. January 2006:2–3.
• ¹⁹⁹ Strait JE. Surgeons restore some hand function to quadriplegic patient. Washington University in St. Louis. 2012. Available at: http://news.wustl.edu/news/Pages/23833.aspx. Accessed August 9, 2012.
• ²⁰⁰ Mackinnon SE, Yee A, Ray WZ. Nerve transfers for the restoration of hand function after spinal cord injury. Journal of Neurosurgery. 2012;117(1):176–185.
• ²⁰¹ Mackinnon SE, Yee A, Ray WZ. Nerve transfers for the restoration of hand function after spinal cord injury. Journal of Neurosurgery. 2012;117(1):176–185.
• ²⁰² Levinson D. More Nerve Transplants Urged for Severe Injury Patients. Surgery News. January 2006:2–3.
• ²⁰³ Stars & Stripes. 1918-1919. The American Expeditionary Forces. Accessed Sept. 17, 2012. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/sgphtml/sashtml/aef.html

• ²⁰⁴ Kotz D. Injury toll from Marathon bombs reduced to 264. Boston Globe. 4/24/2013. http://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/health-wellness/2013/04/23/number-injured-marathon-bombing-revised-downward/NRpaz5mmvGquP7KMA6XsIK/story.html
• ²⁰⁵ Lee J, McKinney M. Preparedness under assault: While Boston's response to bombing showed crucial role of planning, strides elsewhere in emergency readiness could be undermined by budget cuts. Modern Healthcare, 4/20/2013. http://www.modernhealthcare.com/article/20130420/MAGAZINE/304209992?AllowView=VW8xUmo5Q21TcWJOb1gzb0tNN3RLZ0h0MWg5SVgra3NZRzROR3l0WWRMWGJVUDhCRWxYOU9qTENvK25lK0g4UktMNmhlMDVtbFE9PQ.
• ²⁰⁶ Time.com: http://nation.time.com/2013/04/22/doctors-all-boston-bomb-patients-likely-to-live/ Retrieved 5/17.13
• ²⁰⁷ American College of Surgeons Press Release: New ACS NSQIP® Surgical Risk Calculator Offers Personalized, Accurate Estimates of Surgical Complications to Patients and Surgeons. Available at: http://www.facs.org/news/2013/risk-calculator0813.html. Accessed: August 20, 2013.